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What Is Palladium(II) Acetate?
Palladium(II) Acetate (CAS 3375-31-3) is a homogeneous catalyst precursor with the molecular formula C4H6O4Pd and molecular weight 224.51 g/mol. [001]
Physical and Chemical Properties
| Property | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | 3375-31-3 | |
| Molecular Formula | C4H6O4Pd | |
| Molecular Weight | 224.51 g/mol |
How It Works
Palladium(II) Acetate functions as a phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) by shuttling anionic reagents (nucleophiles, bases, oxidizing agents) from the aqueous or solid phase into the organic phase where the substrate resides. The quaternary ammonium cation forms an ion pair with the anionic reagent at the interface, and the lipophilic butyl groups (in TBAB) or cetyl/trimethyl groups (in CTAB) confer sufficient organic solubility to transport the ion pair into the bulk organic phase. Once in the organic phase, the 'naked' anion — free from strong hydration — exhibits dramatically enhanced nucleophilicity/basicity, accelerating the desired transformation by orders of magnitude. After reaction, the catalyst cation returns to the interface to complete the catalytic cycle. Key advantages over stoichiometric methods: lower reaction temperatures, shorter reaction times, and compatibility with aqueous workup. The efficiency depends on the partition coefficient of the ion pair between phases and the extraction constant at the interface.
Key Applications
- Universal Cross-Coupling Precatalyst: Pd(OAc)2 combined with phosphine ligands generates active Pd(0) catalysts for Suzuki, Heck, Buchwald-Hartwig, Negishi, and Sonogashira couplings. The acetate ligands are reduced in situ by phosphine. Loading: 0.5-5 mol%. Used in >80% of pharmaceutical Pd process chemistry. [004]
- Directed C-H Activation: Pd(OAc)2 is the premier catalyst for C-H functionalization via concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD). Enables C-C, C-N, C-O bond formation at unactivated C-H positions. [004]
- Wacker-Type Oxidation: Pd(OAc)2 catalyzes terminal alkenes to methyl ketones using O2/CuCl2. Industrial-scale acetaldehyde production. Modern variants use O2 as sole oxidant for greener processes. [005]
- Nanoparticle Synthesis Precursor: Thermal/chemical reduction of Pd(OAc)2 generates monodisperse Pd nanoparticles (2-10 nm) for heterogeneous catalysis, fuel cell electrocatalysis, and hydrogenation. [005]
Handling and Storage
- GHS Hazard: H302: Harmful if swallowed, H315: Causes skin irritation, H319: Causes serious eye irritation, H335: May cause respiratory irritation
- Signal Word: Danger
- Pictograms: GHS05, GHS06, GHS07
- Storage: Store at 2-8 °C or as recommended on the Certificate of Analysis. Keep container tightly closed in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Protect from moisture and incompatible materials (strong oxidizing agents, acids, bases). For long-term storage, keep under inert gas (N2 or Ar) if the compound is hygroscopic or oxygen-sensitive. Always consult the supplier's Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for lot-specific storage recommendations and shelf-life information.
- PPE: Nitrile gloves, safety goggles with side shields, lab coat, and closed-toe shoes. Work in a well-ventilated fume hood. Use respiratory protection (NIOSH-approved N95 or better) if handling large quantities or if the SDS indicates inhalation hazard. [002]
Always consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) from your supplier before handling. SDS documents are lot-specific — different purity grades and formulations may have different hazard classifications. For bulk handling, consult your institution's chemical hygiene plan and perform a job hazard analysis (JHA) before beginning work. Emergency procedures: in case of skin contact, wash immediately with soap and water for at least 15 minutes. For eye contact, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes and remove contact lenses if present. If inhaled, move to fresh air. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
Regulatory & Compliance
Chemical Inventories: Palladium(II) Acetate (CAS 3375-31-3) is listed on major chemical inventories including the TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) inventory in the United States, EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances) in the EU, and similar inventories in Japan (ENCS), China (IECSC), Korea (KECL), and Australia (AICS). The specific regulatory status of CAS 3375-31-3 should be verified with the appropriate national authority before importing into any jurisdiction, as inventory listing status can change with regulatory updates and new chemical assessments.
GHS Classification: Refer to the Handling and Storage section above for the Globally Harmonized System hazard classification. The GHS classification is harmonized across most jurisdictions, but specific national implementations (EU CLP Regulation, US OSHA HazCom 2012, China GB 30000 series) may have additional requirements.
Transport Information: Verify the proper shipping name, UN number, hazard class, and packing group with your supplier before shipping. Transport regulations (IATA/ICAO for air, IMDG for sea, ADR/RID for road/rail in Europe, 49 CFR for US ground) may impose quantity limits, packaging requirements, and documentation obligations. Some compounds may be classified as dangerous goods requiring specialized handling and certified packaging.
Export Control: Palladium(II) Acetate is a standard research and industrial chemical. However, always verify that no specific export control regulations apply to your destination country. Certain chemical categories (precursors, dual-use chemicals) may require export licenses under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), Australia Group guidelines, or national export control laws. Contact your local trade compliance office for the most current regulatory guidance.
[004] [002]
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the CAS number of Palladium(II) Acetate?
The CAS Registry Number is 3375-31-3. Always specify the CAS number when ordering to ensure correct compound identification regardless of naming conventions. [001]
What is the molecular weight of Palladium(II) Acetate?
The molecular weight is 224.51 g/mol based on the molecular formula C4H6O4Pd. Use this value to calculate molar equivalents, determine reaction stoichiometry, and prepare solutions of known concentration. [001]
What is Palladium(II) Acetate used for?
Palladium(II) Acetate is used for: Universal Cross-Coupling Precatalyst (Pd(OAc)2 combined with phosphine ligands generates active Pd(0) catalysts for Su...); Directed C-H Activation (Pd(OAc)2 is the premier catalyst for C-H functionalization via concerted metalat...); Wacker-Type Oxidation (Pd(OAc)2 catalyzes terminal alkenes to methyl ketones using O2/CuCl2. Industrial...). For detailed protocols, see the Key Applications section above. [002]
How should Palladium(II) Acetate be stored?
Store at 2-8 °C or as recommended on the Certificate of Analysis. Keep container tightly closed in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Protect from moisture and incompatible materials (strong oxidizing agents, acids, bases). For long-term storage, keep under inert gas (N2 or Ar) if the compound is hygroscopic or oxygen-sensitive. Always consult the supplier's Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for lot-specific storage recommendations and shelf-life information.. Always consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) from your specific supplier for the most accurate storage recommendations. [002]
Where can I buy Palladium(II) Acetate?
Palladium(II) Acetate (CAS 3375-31-3) is available from CoreyChem. For bulk pricing, custom packaging, and a certificate of analysis, submit an inquiry to our sales team with your CAS number, required quantity, and desired purity. [003]
Where to Buy
Palladium(II) Acetate is available in the CoreyChem catalog.
[View Palladium(II) Acetate (CAS 3375-31-3) on CoreyChem →](https://careerchemical.com/product/3375-31-3) [003]
To request a quote, check bulk availability, or inquire about custom packaging for Palladium(II) Acetate, contact our sales team at [email protected] or submit an inquiry through our website. We respond to all inquiries within one business day with pricing and availability information tailored to your specific requirements.
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References & Sources
https://www.tcichemicals.com/US/en/search/?text=3375-31-3
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3375-31-3
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3375-31-3#section=Use-and-Manufacturing
